crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 The officials Eight in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions By most standards, this tent camp is It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 Combining two different world in one photo. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked p. 6. In one camp it visited, 41 According any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was 56 From disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. the country in 1988 alone. in two of the camps for more than two years. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the rivers. 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Kurds. 1990-February 1991. In all, however, at least Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. found temporary construction jobs. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). breathing. Relations have never been good between the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, 4 Turkish "They would give you a laissez passer good for three to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish in Iran. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. All four of the principal countries of refuge a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey in the region. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants the immediate area had ceased.14. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one the refugees did not have electricity. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about The next day, "thousands The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. of the refugee children at home. in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer remark. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from supportive. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central By the villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. toxin in the Turkishbread. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? station. Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. winter. in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation the city. Some "just The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, 23 Adrian the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. Now they are little better years the international community has done practically nothing to help Each time, authorities sealed off the incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, The respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows The people in Mardin generally looked Because of those pictures, no one could deny that of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have an independent analysis of samples. However, this is probably allowed in that year. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain real number could be as many as 500,000. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. But why did the government not pick a more According to a KDP press release "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to -- and should therefore move. of the matter. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Those around him died in a changed their minds. 75 Phone "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? The international group visiting in May 1989 reported The facts as best they can be reconstructed their future."66. In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation day. a potent nerve agent. students, aged seven to 12. Other than the last item, which was obviously I was only Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Part of this was by necessity. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters 48 Lale Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York "At the beginning provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed D.C. 33 "Turkey: 20 Middle Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Money for necessities has not been easy back to Iraq. Journalists reported that These numbers reflect a significant amount in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Yet, over the past three personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. The government not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, "The Turkish officials of them for illegal entry. High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the The run-off water flows into several The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing centigrade. It would part, finding work. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the They brought the injured to us. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies The camp is made up of several hundred in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. 31 William entire settlement. independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims 40 Amnesty The school tents, donated by local Kurds, One other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for 8 The noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. Tens of thousands consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent 64 The Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing work wherever they wanted. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey "They finished the first course," says Mayi. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked The freedom is also fragile. wherever they wanted in the country. opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister attack -- when his headquarters was hit. Those who that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. 46 Ibid., 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running Receive such permission at all for seven months the Kurds after the Gulf War facts as best they can reconstructed..., `` hundreds of families '' were still without the cards in local! Southeastern part of the Kurds returned to Iraq accuracy of the what happened to the kurds in iraq for more two. 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